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The Chickasaw are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee). They are of the Muskogean linguistic group. The name Chickasaw, as noted by anthropologist John Swanton, belonged to a Chickasaw leader.^[2] Chickasaw is the English spelling of Chikashsha (IPA: [tʃikaʃːa]), that means "rebel" or "comes from Chicsa". The Chickasaw were a part of the Mississippian culture which was located throughout the Mississippi River valley. Sometime prior to the first European contact, the Chickasaw moved east and settled east of the Mississippi River. All historical records indicate the Chickasaw lived in northeast Mississippi from the first European contact until they were forced to move to Oklahoma, where most now live. They are related to the Choctaws and share a common history with them. The Chickasaw are divided in two groups: the "Impsaktea" and the "Intcutwalipa". The Chickasaws were one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" who sold their country in 1832 and moved to Indian Territory during the era of Indian Removal. The Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma is the thirteenth largest federally-recognized tribe in the United States.

History

Nearly 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or Paleo-indians appeared in the what today is referred to as the South.^[3] Paleoindians in the Southeast were fairly generalized hunter-gatherers who pursued a wide range of animals including the megafauna that soon became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene age.

The origin of the Chickasaws is uncertain. Noted historian Horatio Cushman indicates that the Chickasaw, along with the Choctaw, may have had Mexican origins.^[4] When Europeans first encountered them, the Chickasaws were living in villages in what is now Mississippi, with a smaller number in the area of Savannah Town, South Carolina. The Chickasaws may have been immigrants to the area and perhaps were not descendants of Indians of the pre-historic Mississippian culture.^{[citation needed]} Their oral history supports this, indicating they moved along with the Choctaws from west of the Mississippi in pre-history.

The second leg of the de Soto Expedition, from Apalachee to the Chicaza.

The first European contact with the Chickasaws was in 1540, when Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto encountered them and stayed in one of their towns, most likely near present-day Tupelo, Mississippi. After various disagreements, the Chickasaws attacked the De Soto expedition in a nighttime raid, nearly destroying the expedition, soon after which the Spanish moved on. ^[5] The Chickasaws began to trade with the British after the colony of Carolina was founded in 1670.^{[citation needed]} With British-supplied guns, the Chickasaws raided their enemies the Choctaws, capturing Choctaws and selling them into slavery, a practice that stopped once the Choctaws acquired guns from the French. The Chickasaws were often at war with the French and the Choctaws in the eighteenth century, such as in the Battle of Ackia on May 26, 1736, until France gave up her claims to the region after the Seven Years' War.

In 1793-94 Chickasaw fought as allies of the United States under General Anthony Wayne against the Indians of the old Northwest Territory, who were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers, August 20, 1794.^{[citation needed]}

United States relations

George Washington (first U.S. President) and Henry Knox (first U.S. Secretary of War) proposed the cultural transformation of Native Americans.^[6] Washington believed that Native Americans were equals but that their society was inferior. He formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, and Thomas Jefferson continued it.^[7] Noted historian Robert Remini wrote "they presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans."^[8] Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights.^[9] The government appointed agents, like Benjamin Hawkins, to live among the Indians and to teach them, through example and instruction, how to live like whites.^[6] The Chickasaws accepted Washington's policy as they established schools, adopted yeoman farming practices, converted to Christianity, and built homes like their colonial neighbors.

Hopewell (1786)

A sketch of a Chickasaw by Bernard Romans, 1775.

The Chicksaws signed the Treaty of Hopewell in 1786. Article 11 of that treaty states: "The hatchet shall be forever buried, and the peace given by the United States of America, and friendship re-established between the said States on the one part, and the Chickasaw nation on the other part, shall be universal, and the contracting parties shall use their utmost endeavors to maintain the peace given as aforesaid, and friendship re-established." Benjamin Hawkins attended this signing.

The Colbert Legacy (19th century)

Holmes Colbert, a developer of the Chickasaw constitution in Oklahoma, 1850s.

In the 1700s a Scottish trader by the name of James Logan Colbert settled in Chickasaw country staying there for forty years. He married a Chickasaw woman and had six sons: William, George, Levi, Samuel, Joseph, and Pittman (or James). For nearly a century, the Colberts provided critical leadership during the tribe's greatest challenges. William Colbert once visited U.S. President George Washington who gave him a sprig of willow. William severed with General Andrew Jackson during the Creek Wars of 1813-14. Third generation Colberts, like Winchester and Holmes, created a governmental foundation for the Chickasaw Nation in Indian Country (now known as Oklahoma).

Removal Era (1837)

Unlike other tribes who exchanged land grants, the Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River.^[10] In 1836 the Chickasaws had reached an agreement that purchased land from the previously removed Choctaws after a bitter five year debate. They paid the Choctaws $530,000 for the westernmost part Choctaw land. The first group of Chickasaws moved in 1837.

The Chickasaws gathered at Memphis Tennessee on July 4, 1837 with all of their assets--belongings, livestock, and slaves. Three thousand and one Chickasaw crossed the Mississippi River, and then they followed routes previously established by Choctaws and Creeks.^[10] Once in Indian Territory the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation. After several decades of mistrust, they regained nationhood and established a Chickasaw nation.

The majority of the tribe was deported to Indian Territory (now headquartered in Ada, Oklahoma) in the 1830s. Remnants of the South Carolina Chickasaws, known as the Chaloklowa Chickasaws have reorganized tribal government, and gained official recognition from the state in the summer of 2005, having their tribal headquarters at Indiantown, South Carolina.

American Civil War (1861)

The Chickasaw Nation was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to vocal their support for the Confederate States of America.^[11] They passed a resolution that was passed by Governor Cyrus Harris on May 25,1861. Earlier that year the United States abandoned Fort Washita leaving the Chickasaw Nation defenseless against the Plains tribes; this was the main motivating factor in the decision to side with the Southern cause.^[11] It was the last Confederate community to surrender in the U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Government

Main article: Chickasaw Nation

The Chickasaws were first combined with the Choctaw Nation and their area in the western area of the nation was called the Chickasaw District. Although originally the western boundary of the Choctaw Nation extended to the 100th Meridian, virtually no Chickasaws lived west of the Cross Timbers due to continual raiding by the Indians on the Southern Plains. The United States eventually leased the area between the 100th and 98th meridians for the use of the Plains tribes. The area was referred to as the "Leased District".^{[citation needed]}

Most government services are administrated from Ada.^{[citation needed]}

Treaties

Culture

The suffix "-mingo" (Chickasaw: minko' ) is used to identify a chieftain. For example, "Tishomingo" was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief. The town of Tishomingo, Mississippi and Tishomingo County, Mississippi were named after him, as was the town of Tishomingo, Oklahoma. South Carolina's Black Mingo Creek was named after the colonial Chickasaw chief, who controlled the lands around it as a sort of hunting preserve. Sometimes it is spelled "minko", but this most generally occurs in older literary references.

Notable Chickasaws

Fred Tecumseh Waite, a hired cowboy and Chickasaw Nation statesman

• Bill Anoatubby, Governor of the Chickasaw Nation since 1987
• Amanda Cobb, author and professor of American studies^[18]
• Levi Colbert, Chickasaw language translator
• Tom Cole, Republican U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma
• Molly Culver, actress
• Hiawatha Estes, architect
• Bee Ho Gray, actor
• John Herrington, Astronaut; first Native American in space
• Hulk Hogan, Wrestler^{[citation needed]}
• Miko Hughes, child actor
• Wahoo McDaniel
• Rodd Redwing, actor
• Jerod Impichchaachaaha' Tate, composer and pianist
• Fred Waite, cowboy and Chickasaw Nation statesman
• Jack Brisco & Gerry Brisco, pro wrestling Tag team
• J.D. Colbert; Native American banking expert

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Chickasaw

• African-Native Americans
• Chickasaw Nation
• Chickasaw language
• Native Americans in the United States
• Native American tribe
• One-Drop Rule
• List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition

References

1. ^ No Job Name
2. ^ Swanton, John. Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians. The University of Alabama Press. p. 29. ISBN 0817311092. 
3. ^ Prentice, Guy (2003). "Pushmataha, Choctaw Indian Chief" (HTML). Southeast Chronicles. Retrieved on 2008-02-11.
4. ^ Cushman, Horatio. "Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez". History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 18-19. ISBN 0806131276. 
5. ^ Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Perdue, Theda. "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"". Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. ISBN 082032731X. 
7. ^ Remini, Robert. ""The Reform Begins"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 201. ISBN 0965063107. 
8. ^ Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 258. ISBN 0965063107. 
9. ^ Miller, Eric (1994). "George Washington And Indians" (HTML). Eric Miller. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Jesse Burt & Bob Ferguson. "The Removal". Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now. Abingdon Press, Nashiville and New York. p. 170-173. ISBN 0687187931. 
11. ^ ^{a b c} Meserve, John (December 1937). "Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume 15, No. 4" (HTML). Oklahoma State/Kansas State. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
12. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties" (HTML). Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2008-07-02.
13. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties" (HTML). Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2008-07-02.
14. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties" (HTML). Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
15. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties" (HTML). Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2008-07-02.
16. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties" (HTML). Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2008-07-02.
17. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties" (HTML). Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2008-07-15.
18. ^ Public Affairs Department, University of New Mexico. "UNM ASSISTANT PROFESSOR WINS AMERICAN BOOK AWARD", September 7, 2001. Accessed June 27, 2007.

• Calloway, Colin G. The American Revolution in Indian Country. Cambridge University Press, 1995.see google.com

External links

• The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma (official site)
• Chickasaw Nation Industires (government contracting arm of the Chickasaw Nation)
• "Chickasaws: The Unconquerable People", a brief history by Greg O’Brien, Ph.D.
• Encyclopedia of North American Indians
• "Chickasaw History" by Lee Sultzman
• John Bennett Herrington is First Native American Astronaut (on chickasaw.net)
• Tishomingo
• Pashofa recipe
• Some Chickasaw information in discussion of DeSoto Trail

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