Diemazz

הַתִּקְוָה

ha-Tiḳṿah
English: The Hope
National Anthem of	Israel
Lyrics	Naphtali Herz Imber, 1878
Music	Samuel Cohen, 1888
Adopted	1897 (First Zionist Congress) 1948 (unofficially) 2004 (offically)
Hatikvah (Instrumental) Problems listening to the file? See media help.

For the political party, see Hatikva (political party). For the Tel Aviv neighbourhood, see Hatikva Quarter.

Hatiḳṿah (Hebrew: הַתִּקְוָה‎, The Hope), also ha-Tiḳṿa(h), is the national anthem of Israel. The anthem was written by Naphtali Herz Imber, a secular Galician Jew, who moved to Palestine in the early 1880s. The anthem’s theme revolves around the nearly 2000-year-old hope of the Jewish people to be a free and sovereign people in the Land of Israel, a national dream that would eventually be realized with the founding of the modern State of Israel in 1948.

Jewish and Israeli Music
Religious music:
Historical • Contemporary Piyyut • Zemirot • Nigun Pizmonim • Baqashot
Secular music:
Israeli • Israeli Folk Klezmer • Sephardic • Mizrahi
Not Jewish in Form: Classical • Mainstream and Jazz
Dance:
Israeli Folk Dancing • Ballet Horah • Hava Nagila • Yemenite dance
Israel
Hatikvah • Jerusalem of Gold
Piyyutim
Adon Olam • Geshem • Lekhah Dodi Ma'oz Tzur • Yedid Nefesh • Yigdal
Music for Holidays
Hanukkah • Passover • Shabbat
Music of the Haggadah
Ma Nishtana • Dayenu • Adir Hu Chad Gadya • Echad Mi Yodea
Music of Hanukkah
Blessings • Oh Chanukah • Dreidel Song
Al Hanisim • Mi Y'malel • Ner Li

History

Composition

The text of Hatiḳṿah was written by the Galician-Jewish poet Naphtali Herz Imber in Zolochiv (Ukraine) in 1878 as a nine-stanza poem named Tikvatenu (“Our Hope”) [see full text below]. In this poem Imber puts into words his thoughts and feelings in the wake of the establishment of Petah Tikva, one of the first Jewish settlements in pre-State Palestine. Published in Imber’s first book, Barkai (ברקאי, “Morning Star”), the poem was subsequently adopted as the anthem of Hovevei Zion and later of the Zionist Movement at the First Zionist Congress in 1897. The text was later revised by the settlers of Rishon LeZion, subsequently undergoing a number of other changes.

The melody, of folk origin, was arranged by Samuel Cohen, an immigrant from Moldavia.

Adoption as national anthem

When the State of Israel was declared in 1948, ha-Tiḳṿah was unofficially proclaimed the national anthem. However, it did not officially become the national anthem until November 2004, when it was sanctioned by the Knesset in an amendment to the “Flag and Coat-of-Arms Law” (now called “The Flag, Coat-of-Arms, and National Anthem Law”).

In its modern rendering, the official text of the anthem incorporates only the first stanza and refrain of the original poem. The predominant theme in the remaining stanzas is the establishment of a sovereign and free nation in Eretz Israel, a hope largely seen as fulfilled with the founding of the State of Israel.

Religious objections to Hatiḳṿah

Main article: HaEmunah

Many Haredi Jews object to Hatiḳṿah on the grounds that the anthem is too secular and lacks sufficient religious emphasis.

Rav Kook objected to the secular thrust of Hatiḳṿah and wrote an alternative anthem titled “HaEmunah” in the hope that it would replace Hatiḳṿah as the Israeli national anthem. Rav Kook did not object to the singing of Hatiḳṿah (and in fact has endorsed it) as he had great respect for secular Jews, indicating that even in their work it was possible to see a level of kedushah (holiness).^[1]

Objections by non-Jewish Israelis

Some Arab Israelis object to Hatiḳṿah due to its explicit allusions to Judaism. In particular, the text’s reference to the yearnings of “a Jewish soul” is often cited as preventing non-Jews from personally identifying with the anthem. Notably, Ghaleb Majadale, who in January 2007 became the first Arab to be appointed as a minister in the Israeli cabinet, sparked a controversy when he publicly refused to sing the anthem, stating that the song was written for Jews only.^[2]

From time to time proposals have been made to change the national anthem or to modify the text in order to make it more acceptable to non-Jewish Israelis; however, no such proposals have succeeded in gaining broad support.

Music

The melody for Hatiḳṿah derives from “La Mantovana,” a 16^th-century Italian song. Its earliest known appearance in print was in early 17^th-century Italy as “Ballo di Mantova.” This melody gained wide currency in Renaissance Europe, being recorded variously as the Spanish hymn “Virgen de la Cueva” (“Virgin of the Cave”); the Sephardi melody for the Hallel prayer; the Hebrew folk song “The Prayer for the Dew”; the Polish folk song “Pod Krakowem”; and the Ukrainian “Kateryna Kucheryava.” This melody was also famously used by the Czech composer Bedřich Smetana in his symphonic poem celebrating Bohemia, “Má vlast,” as “Vltava” (Die Moldau).

The adaptation of the music for Hatiḳṿah is believed to have been composed by Samuel Cohen in 1888. Cohen himself recalled many years later that he had adapted the melody from a Romanian folk song, possibly “Carul cu boi” (“Carriage with Oxen”), which shares a few structural elements with Hatiḳṿah. In Romania other folk songs that share the same melody, such as “Cântec de mai” (“Song of May”) [“Luncile s-au deşteptat…” (“The valleys awaken…”)].

The tune of Hatiḳṿah is modal and mostly follows a minor scale, which is often perceived as mournful in tone and is infrequently encountered in national anthems. However, as the title (“The Hope”) and the words suggest, the import of the song is optimistic and the overall spirit uplifting.

Official text

The official text of the national anthem corresponds to the first stanza and amended refrain of the original nine-stanza poem by Naftali Herz Imber. Along with the original Hebrew, the corresponding transliteration^[3] and English translation are listed below.

Some people compare the first line of the refrain, “Our hope is not yet lost” (“עוד לא אבדה תקוותנו”), to the opening of the Polish national anthem, Poland Is Not Yet Lost (Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła), or to the Ukrainian national anthem, Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished (Ще не вмерла Україна; Šče ne vmerla Ukraïna). This line may also be a Biblical allusion to Ezekiel’s “Vision of the Dried Bones” (Ezekiel 37: “…Behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost”), describing the despair of the Jewish people in exile, and God’s promise to redeem them and lead them back to the Land of Israel. However, this connection has not been proven, and the Polish allusion is more likely given Imber’s background.

The official text of Hatikvah is relatively short; indeed it is a single complex sentence, consisting of two clauses: the subordinate clause posits the condition (“As long as… A soul still yearns… And… An eye still watches…”), while the independent clause specifies the outcome (“Our hope is not yet lost… To be a free nation in our own land”).

Text of Tikvatenu by Naphtali Herz Imber

Below is the full text of the original nine-stanza poem Tikvatenu by Naftali Herz Imber. The current version of the Israeli national anthem corresponds to the first stanza of this poem and the amended refrain.

Media

Notes

External links

• “Hatikvah – Hadracha Guide” – Educational guide published by the Jewish Agency for Israel
• “Israel’s National Anthem – Hatikva” – From the Jewish Virtual Library
• Google search for Hatikvah on YouTube

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